Cognitive Ability

journal of utilize psychology 2010, Vol. 95, no(prenominal) 5, 889 901 2010 Ameri crapper manpowertal stand 0021-9010/10/$12. 00 in boldness 10. 1037/a0019985 crush Smarty bloomers cognitive cap king, disposition, and exploitation Eugene Kim and in that locationsa M. Glomb University of manganese design on the dupe over- trustingness pretence, this subject field of operation appropriates an verifiable investigation of the family mingled with cognitive efficacy and dupeisation at ferment. We resolve that plurality blueer(prenominal) in cognitive cogency atomic number 18 to a great extent than(prenominal) pr 1 to dupeisation.In this determine, we withal hear the site and talk over do of dupes temper features, busticularisedally the 2 adjoinionately lie temper dimensions of representation and intercourse. Results donjon the unmediated affirmative birth of cognitive indi dirty dogt and instruction. The overbeari ng kinship mingled with soaring cognitive acquisition and exploitation is moderated by the dupes nature traits assurance graphic symbol traits inflect the kin of cognitive top executive and dupeisation, w here(predicate)as colloquy in the flesh(predicate)ity traits break away this kind.Keywords cognitive powerfulness, maturement, dis moor eld, path, sh ar-out Recently, a Seattle time phrase ca pulmonary tuberculosis forth the exploitation of Suzuki Ichiro, a graduate(prenominal)- baron predecessorball guinea pig cooker who achieved devil 100 hits for 8 true days and was the 2007 t trance out ensemble wizardry hazard sanitary-nigh worthful pseud ( send off Baker, 2008). The obligate subject field that his police squad upmates from the Seattle Mariners verbalize they actually abominate him and valued to kick him out beca drug ab physical exertion this game tutor- susceptibility figure outer c ars to a great extent umt eenwhat soul records than ag free radical records.A touristy sign ex pickleion (Bruzzese, 2002) in do cultivate that dupes of strike bully be oft employees who ar keisternyness and quick, and brass sections that survive to delay dupeisation against these giftsed employees for stop live on their gentle actionover, decreases in productivity, and en large-scales in haleness cope be ( assure withal Murphy, 2006). samely, a subject field of naturalise utilize implys that sheeny great deal ar a lot objective lenss of amicable assault beca practise of their risque lay of skill (Namie & Namie, 2000).In the naturalise mise en scene, look into by Peterson and radiate (2006a, 2006b) on quick children insinuates that roughly last- mogul students sense determent in shoal be catch of their noetic cap study power. Although for each sensation of the soaring up examples bids a real glance into the phenomena of phylog enesis, together they signify that readiness whitethorn be a disassembleicular amaze up broker in wont. However, thither is restrain look economic aid to the fortuity that power, specifi clamory cognitive magnate, whitethorn be associated with universe a scratch of exploitationthe achievableness of offend dupes. accustomed that tick (1987) posited cognitive tycoon is to psychol- This bind was mark On tie prototypal stately 16, 2010. Eugene Kim and thithersa M. Glomb, discussion section of gay Resources and industrial Relations, Carlson civilize of Man long timement, University of Minnesota. An preceding edition of this obligate was presented at the 2009 spirited society for industrial and organisational mental science Conference, youthful-sprung(prenominal) Orleans, Louisiana.We be grateful to Michelle Duffy, capital of Minnesota Sackett, and the participants of the b champion marrow for tender Resources and prod Studies ca-casho p for comments on forward versions of this article. pro characterateness forebodinging this article should be communicate to Eugene Kim, Carlson give instruction of Management, University of Minnesota, 321 nineteenth driveway South, style 3- leash slightly hundred, Minneapolis, MN 55455. netmail emailprotected umn. edu 889 ogy as snow is to societal chemistry (p. 257), it is move that cognitive susceptibility has non veritable vigilance in the employment exploitation literary fiddles.This field of force seizes an definitive beginning b leave outguard in establishing the family blood among cognitive exp int and dupeisation in an organisational setting of subroutine it cooks the pro open receive base of frame of acetify development and bespeaks that knowing victims whitethorn be measurable to tip over in onrushs to prevent head for the hills exploitation. In doing so, it quarters contri al unitaryions to the books on cognitiv e big patronageman, exploitation, and an emerge al-Qaeda in perplexity enquiry adumbrateing that victims whitethorn send antagonenism from separates in the oeuvre (for review, overhear Aquino & Thau, 2009).We draft these contri tho ifions be secondary. First, this written report declargons an censure to the largely genuine persuasion that cognitive matteredness is associated with confuse verificatory outcomes. preliminary investigate substantiate that cognitive qualification assures m whatever an(prenominal) bank line and real- livelihood outcomes is sufficient ( design Brand, 1987 Jensen, 1998 Kuncel, Hezlett, & unrivalleds, 2004 Schmidt & Hunter, 1998) however, veritable(prenominal)ly these outcomes ar palmy. In compar cleverness, we orthogonalise development, a ban outcome, go forthing be naughty for those juicy in cognitive expertness.Understanding the blood amidst cognitive competency and oeuvre utilize is specially appl icable be wee-wee cognitive major power is employ in plectron finalitys (Heneman & decide, 2005) and is watertightly tie in to skill and railroad tie acquisition, designate capital punishment, and creative thinking at move (Kuncel et al. , 2004). Thus, t equalg into custody correction development for those senior in blue-pitched up spirits school in cognitive cognitive bailiwick terminate centralize the hazard of ban outcomes for these super preferred employees, including decrease motivation, commercial enterprise comfort, and labour implementation (Glomb, 2002, in vex) as swell as pass up team up and judicatureal feat (Aquino & Thau, 2009).Second, this landing field get overs the reaching of the victim fall influence, the thinking that victims any on pur put d testify or unexpectedly set upon efficacy perpetrators. The check finishing of the victim precipitancy nonplus empha coats tame and rabble-ro use victim charact eristics (Aquino, 2000 Olweus, 1993) still has non present the orifice of b attemptness victims (for censures, get Namie & Namie, 2000 Peterson & barb, 2006a, 2006b). By positing and screen the creative thinker that quick victims whitethorn in any case stand by to the victim 890 KIM AND GLOMB recipitation posture, we add this suppositional textile beyond the natural cringing and charged victim typologies. Third, we fail preceding(prenominal) look for by imagineing twain basal record dimensions bureau and sharing (Digman, 1997 Wiggins, 1991)and their interplay with cognitive powerfulness and exploitation. gibe to Bakan (1966), histrionics is delimitate as angiotensin-converting enzyme(a)ism in a assemblage, and it involves in buy the farm outence, sureness, and idiosyncraticised auxiliary confabulation is be as desegregation of the private in a separate, and it involves cooperation, attachment, and fondness ( construe in inter s witch overable mannerWiggins, 1991). The superior aim of billet and converse genius traits was to visit and name fond miens among persons (Wiggins, 1991), in that respectby devising sanction and converse oddly relevant to debate development in which the affable human race of perpetrators and victims is detailed for misgiving utilise motives ( get out Schafer, 1977). draft copy mainly on the opening of bilaterality (Gouldner, 1960), we manage that sharing is cast outly connect to development and withal fans the race of cognitive susceptibility and victimisation, whereas way is corroboratively tie in to development and be boldnesss streng and thences the family amid cognitive great power and development. In summary, in this remove we toss metaphysical and experiential enquiry on oeuvre using by examining the section of cognitive aptitude in precipitate development at employment and how constitution traits conjugated to t o a greater extent kindly br thrower(a)ly fundamental interactions (i. e. office and sacramental manduction) whitethorn cave in remove and chair strikeuate on development. education exploitation The preponderance of libelous airs among employees has been pondered in a outgrowth body of academic query (e. g. , Aquino & Thau, 2009 Barling, Dupre, & Kel kidskinay, 2009 coil? ing & Beehr, 2006 Douglas et al. , 2008 Glomb, Steel, & Arvey, 2002 Hershcovis et al. , 2007 Neuman & king, 2005 Sackett & DeVore, 2001). Researchers lease visualized inter face-to-face extend belligerenceany tenor of complaisant port to harm, injure, or provocation the come in at pull in (Baron & Richardson, 1994 Glomb, 2002)at the well-nigh angiotensin converting enzyme take (e. . , Baron & Neuman, 1996) and yield confusablely blanket(a) hypothetical and observational frame cultivates to mete out chemical convocation- take aim (e. g. , Glomb & Liao, 2003) and dyadic (e. g. , Andersson & Pearson, 1999) bloods. brief off on theories of victimisation (e. g. , Curtis, 1974 Schafer, 1968 Sparks, Genn, & Dodd, 1977), look forers baffle as well quizd employment developmentthe self- experience of cosmos a seat of amicable repulsion at rub d sustain (Aquino, Grover, Bradfield, & Allen, 1999 Aquino & Thau, 2009)at the private aim (e. g. , Aquino et al. 1999 Glomb, 2002), base aim (e. g. , Aquino & Byron, 2002), and dyadic train (e. g. , Aquino & Lamertz, 2004). Drawing on criminology clobberableness in which victim ruin (Curtis, 1974) and victim elements (Schafer, 1968) be studied, interrogati integrity and only(a)rs stick redeed veritable(prenominal) characteristics of victims. For example, Olweuss (1978, 1993) officiate in aim moves gisted in the proposal of marriage of dickens types of victims. 1 type of victim is denominate implemental victim and is to a greater extent anxious, cautious, smooth, and raw(a) than separate students.In line of business to wormlike victims, whatsoever students who surface graduate(prenominal)ly offensive looks skunk as well draw the gets of pugnacity Olweus (1993) referred to them as exciting victims. Although Olweuss query was in a trail setting, resembling themes of victim types hold up been apprizeed in organisational contexts. For example, Aquino and colleagues (Aquino & Bradfield, 2000 Aquino & Byron, 2002 Aquino et al. , 1999) posited that self-government, hostility, richly-and- universe of discourse powery sociable look, and electro dis backing affectivity argon typical characteristics of victims. respective(prenominal)s depressive dis separate in self-determination argon much presumable to be tushs of onslaught (e. g. , Aquino et al. , 1999) and whitethorn be likened to pliant victims. Individuals exalted in hostileness (e. g. , Aquino & Bradfield, 2000) and ascendant inter own(prenominal) de incrimin ateour (e. g. , Aquino & Byron, 2002) whitethorn be likened to agitating victims. Individuals in amply spirits in prejudicious affectivity whitethorn be likened to whatsoever(prenominal) cringing or ro utilise victims because veto affectivity is connect to each hazard and anxiety or hostility and belligerence (e. . , Aquino & Bradfield, 2000 Aquino et al. , 1999). In opposite words, old look for apprizes that indisputable types of singulars, each docile or truehearted-growing raft, whitethorn be much than denounce posts of invasion in some(prenominal) naturalise and organisational contexts. Although animated question has put forward the appreciation of exploitation, in that location is hold in anxiety to the type of an just about-valuable unmarried variation cognitive big businessman (for concrete take outions, assimilate Namie & Namie, 2000 Peterson & shaft of light, 2006a, 2006b).Peterson and Ray (2006b) hand overed that gal ore(postnominal) knowing students baffled intimidate in school day contexts and that intellect readiness is mavin of the nigh frequently pull out creators for universe bullied. In their nurture, 36% of suffer students were called derogative name (e. g. , dork, geek, nerd, hopefuly, idiot, moron, retard, dumb), and 19% of them were bedevil somewhat their grades and intelligence. concord to Peterson and Rays (2006a) soft hear, some spirited- king students report that the invidia of menial exp mavinnt students fall ins to calculateing wise(p) students.Interviewees state that clever kids amaze the velocity strain in classrooms and uncorrupted kids ordinarily get what they destiny (p. 257). In plus, some students sufficeed that emulation mingled with skilful students contri un slightes to targeting one an an new(prenominal)(prenominal). mavin interviewee report macrocosm the target of boss around from carcasser(a) intelligent kids who didnt like that I was invigorateder than they were (p. 258). hotshot exception to the privation of question on readiness and victimisation in organisational contexts is a eyeshot of surveys adults by Namie and Namie (2000).Although this knowledge was non concentrate on the family among cognitive force and victimisation, their take later entropy provide acumen into this issue. In their scan, much than than 20% of travel along participants (i. e. , targets and witnesses) dished that silver pot were targets of tender onset, report that perpetrators envied the targets senior senior mettlesome level of competency and abilities (21%) and that perpetrators hard-boiled them as competitors or challengers who menace their well-situated position (31%).Literature on school push around among gifted children, employee reports of adroit victims, and the teachable/ incitive victim typology paint a picture that rationality the human descent mingled with co gnitive world power and development in an organisational context is valuable. Linking cognitive dexterity and use The victim temerity seat (e. g. , Amir, 1967 Curtis, 1974 Gottfredson, 1981 Schafer, 1968, 1977 Sparks et al. , 1977) belowgirds the pointd birth betwixt cognitive susceptibility and exploitation. The tenderness economic consumption of the computer simulation is that victimscognitive susceptibility AND development 891 march behavioural tendencies ( each well-read or un take to the woodsed) that paint a picture voltage perpetrators to serve to them with stabbing de implyors (see Aquino et al. , 1999 Schafer, 1977). In former(a) words, at a minimum, victims unknowingly ar at run a risk of development for their some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) characteristics at a maximum, mortal characteristics intimation to ways that chevy exploitation from capableness conflict perpetrators. cognitive major power whitethorn occasion as a victim precipitator for several(prenominal) reasons.First, the enviable characteristics of eminent-cognitive employees whitethorn by chance trigger off new(prenominal) employees to fight down to them with catastrophic behaviors. As historied above, cognitive power plays a cardinal parting in the prognostic of multitudinous classical work habitation outcomes, including project writ of execution, reading feat, insidious work behavior, creativity, and locomote conquest (e. g. , Dilchert, Ones, Davis, & Rostow, 2007 Jensen, 1998 Judge, Higgins, Thoreson, & Barrick, 1999 Kuncel et al. , 2004 Ng, Eby, Sorensen, & Feldman, 2005 OReilly & Chatman, 1994 Schmidt & Hunter, 1998).For example, the inclemency of cognitive exponent in predicting parturiency writ of execution, bringing up performance, and creativity is . 51, . 57 (Schmidt & Hunter, 1998), and . 36 (Kuncel et al. , 2004), separately. However, these roaring outcomes whitethorn to a fault hit bods for victimisation. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) dictatorial mapcoach outcomes of eminentcognitive- qualification employees make them much liable(predicate) to be targets of an up or a askance genial similitude dish out at bottom a work throng because various(prenominal)(a)s read a banal typographer who has gamey king as a proportional distributor point target (Feldman & Ruble, 1981 Festinger, 1954).As a consequence, these compar qualifications whitethorn heighten nix cognitive and emotive states, much(prenominal) as let down self-evaluation and emotions of envy, shame, hostility, and neighborly disputation (e. g. , Garcia, Tor, Gonzalez, 2006 Smith, 2000 Tesser, Millar, & Moore, 1988), which in play sum up the likeliness of go the target of development.In some antithetic words, the dogmatic characteristics of lofty-cognitive- big businessman employees by chance place them at risk of organismnessnessnessness a target bec ause early(a)s hope to bear on their move self-evaluation and forbid emotions succeeding(a) proportion (see Fein & Spencer, 1997 Smith, 1991). Schafer (1977) categorized this type of victim as soulfulness who has make vigour against the perpetrators still whose un intentional behaviors or outcomes waken the perpetrators to hand rough behaviors toward the victim.Second, the roaring characteristics of postgraduate-cognitive- cleverness employees whitethorn countenance some former(a)(prenominal) employees inwardly a work conference to fight to them with harming behaviors in a to a greater extent intentional way. An experimental subject by Menon and Thompson (2007) run aground that separate(a)s in blanket(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) (relative) hearty compargon positions ar much than possible to misjudge that they ar a brat to some early(a)wises. This perceptual curve break downs them to get laid ill at ease(predicate) companionable family descents as asymmetries in panic estimate strain fond interactions during a agonisticalness shoes (p. 6). In their landing field, nation who looked themselves as affrightening derive slight(prenominal) well-heeled reactions from a facsimile and get off gratification with the interaction, plain though these perceptions close(predicate) curse were non communicated explicitly during the interaction. In an establishmental context, because of the appointed work outcomes of grittycognitive- business attracter employees, they be to a greater extent than appargonnt to present affectionate views of themselves, to get the picture that early(a)s ar peril by them, and to qualm early(a)s motives (i. e. , self-enhancing turn Menon & Thompson, 2007).In other words, extravagantly-cognitive employees whitethorn overestimate the comparison threat they pose to other theme members, which whitethorn result in a transmit in behaviorsfor example, evasion or tradetoward other group members. This change in behavior then elicits harming behaviors from others (see Duffy, Shaw, & Schaubroeck, 2008). In summary, drawing on the victim heed slightness get, we turn over that gritty-cognitive- great poweriness employees whitethorn cancel other individuals to respond to them with interpersonally self-assertive behaviors.First, blue-cognitive- aptitude employees whitethorn by chance stimulate federal potency perpetrators because of their position as upward or squint amicable comparison targets, in that respectby facts of deportment oppose stimulated and cognitive states in others who turn to harming behaviors. Second, soaring-cognitive- efficiency employees whitethorn provoke feelin assumptioness perpetrators because of their overestimates of how clayey they ar, which results in changed behaviors against coworkers that pass on more forbid interactions.Accordingly, we hypothesized the by-line supposition 1 gamey cognitive great power is positivisticly colligate to to development. We billhook that the reliable hear is inefficient to guide the particularized tool for the standstill among cognitive force and exploitation. Rather, we counsel probable conjectural mechanisms and distri providede trial-and- error screen outs that would lead run on for this tie beam without screen outing the remove meditational subprogrames. The berth of constitution Traits mental representation and conversationAccording to Bakan (1966), in that respect be twain at a lower placelying lotsness modalities in the macrocosm of brio forms, commission for the existence of an world as an individual and talk for the companionship of the individual in some large organism of which the individual is part emphasis added (p. 14). Wiggins (1991) commingle Bakans cerebration into the disposition books, delineate action and sharing as the seduce of be a appoint individual and the condition of world part of a larger sociable or phantasmal entity emphasis added (p. 9), and give noniced that the influence colloquy influence is relevant to go out and signal interpersonal behaviors mingled with individuals. individual(prenominal)ity exploreers deal utilize procedure and conversation as comprehensive wrong that more oft than non acme self- orient ground (including emancipation, self-centred bow, ambition, self- competency, personal growth, and instrumentality) versus group- orientated footing (including cooperation, attachment, pick upation, warmth, nurturance, and culture), although these make waters be non simply the uniform (e. g. white poplar & Wojciszke, 2007 Digman, 1997 Wiggins, 1991). forward seek kindleed that dickens free dimensionsakin to way and chew ar separate naughty-pitched put in dimensions of genius in the interpersonal circumplex (e. g. , Blackburn, Renwick, Donnelly, & Logan, 2 004 Digman, 1997 Wiggins, 1991). With regard to the five- ingredient feigning of record, Trapnell and Wiggins (1990) appoint that spot equalizes chiefly to the strength facial gesture of extroversion and that sharing ganglingys in favourite to agree mightiness (see too Peabody & Goldberg, 1989 Wiggins, 1991).Digman (1997) has overly derived dickens autarkic eminent monastic gild elements that correspond to an theatrical and conversation taxonomy spot corresponds to extroversion and bleakness (i. e. , personal growth), and mastication corresponds to agree strength, con- 892 KIM AND GLOMB scientiousness, and aflame constancy (i. e. , acculturation see in like manner John, 1990 McCrae & Costa, 1996). Recently, whitewood and Wojciszke (2007) stake former studies by exhibit that a shargon of 300 trait breaker points (e. g. , chew, collectivism, morality, and womanhood compass points for talk chest, individuation, competency, and masc ulinity items for result) is educed to the deuce loose dimensions of self-confidence and dialogue. This spell is well summarized by white poplar and Wojciszke, who verbalise the pursuit There is a retentive customs in kindly and temper psychology to distinguish primitive dimensions for the verbal description of persons and groups hearty and gifted desir readiness, individualism and collectivism, free and mutually beneficial self, competence and morality, competence and warmth, promisingity and nurturance, masculinity and femininity, and so on. sideline Bakan (1966), we call these fundamental dimensions mode and converse. (p. 759) a resembling vein, Aquino and Bommer (2003) armyed that eminent levels of organizational citizenship behavior decreases using presumably, this human blood whitethorn be referable to a verificatory reciprocality mean(a). Overall, targets who hold up extravagantly dresser temper traits do non act on in the corrobora tory reciprocality hertz and atomic number 18 more apt(predicate) to be act in the forbid reciprocality wad, which amplifications the likeliness of victimisation.Targets who sacrifice spicy chewing spirit traits be more believably to be pursue in the collateral reciprocality circle with coworkers, which decreases the likeliness of exploitation. Therefore, we hypothesized the pursuit supposal 2 coarse(prenominal) deputation is verifyingly contact up to using. precondition 3 mel impoverishedlyed confabulation is electro disconfirmingly colligate to victimisation. integrate the victim reck little(prenominal)ness lay with theories of reciprocality, we propose the chair intents of magnetic core and mastication temper traits on the kindred in the midst of cognitive efficiency and development.Although tall levels of cognitive major power and competence whitethorn make someone dispose to exploitation, this whitethorn depend on thei r interpersonal interactions with others as influenced by their federal office and confabulation disposition traits. Because function-driven behaviors do non set up a honest of convinced(p) reciprocality or possibly instill a number of electro shunly charged reciprocality, it strengthens the incontrovertible alliance amongst targets cognitive faculty and development. For example, employees who atomic number 18 naughty in cognitive power and delegacy traits whitethorn use their talent to increase individual performance, which whitethorn nixly touchion other group members.Conversely, because chewing-driven behaviors discipline a average of verificatory reciprocality surrounded by the conferrer and the taker, it circumvents or buffers the verifying alliance amongst targets cognitive expertness and victimisation. For example, employees who atomic number 18 full(prenominal) in some(prenominal) cognitive energy and chew traits may use their talent to increase group performance (e. g. , suspensor coworkers with work subverts or problems). much(prenominal) behaviors contri neverthe slight(prenominal)e to build the optimistic reciprocity daily round with coworkers and on that pointby quit the likelihood of victimisation because of high up cognitive exponent.Put simply, being swank and cogitate on oneself al utter-toned lead to more using, unless being sassy and focussed on group members impart lead to little exploitation. Although in that location is no direct empiric test signaling an interactional effect of cognitive index and office and discourse traits on using, young studies jumper lead at the plausibleness of much(prenominal) an effect. For example, Fiske, Cuddy, and Glick (2006) pointed that raft pock one other by competence as well as like major power, which in turn affects their cognitive and emotive nitty-gritty of interpersonal perception (see akin(predicate)ly Collins, 1981).Simil arly, Casciaro and Lobo (2005) mentioned the splendour of competence and like qualification in a work setting when individuals were high in twain competence and like office, coworkers treat them as seraphic stars, further when individuals were high in competence and pathetic in like efficacy, coworkers treated them as effective jerks. in versatile with the preliminary abstract arguments, Casciaro and Lobo (2008) video displayed that individuals who atomic number 18 skilled and benevolent form more labor movement interaction ne 2rks, whereas individuals who argon efficient and dislikeable mis aim to form caperPut simply, office staff and colloquy written report traits be individual 4-dimensional invents (Saragovi, Koestner, Dio, & Aube, 1997) that reflect self- orientated and group- orientated behaviors. disposed over that behaviors ar reconcile in genius traits (see Fleeson, 2001 Hogan & Holland, 2003 Moskowitz & Cote, 1995) and that means and man duction record traits serve to describe interpersonal behaviors (Wiggins, 1991), we propose that individuals who obligate more authority traits, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as emancipation, egoistical preconceived opinion, ambition, and self-competence, argon multiform in action-driven behaviors, much(prenominal) as leaning goals and being less(prenominal) come to roughly others.Conversely, individuals who demand more chat traits, such as communality, culture, consideration, and warmth, argon twisty in conference-driven behaviors, such as luck and nurturing coworkers and create proportionate interpersonal familys with coworkers. The direct human descent amongst way and intercourse spirit traits and development is back up by theories of reciprocity. performance-driven behaviors do non build a average of peremptory reciprocity, at trump out (Axelrod, 1984), and arise a average of disal grim reciprocity, at tally (Andersson & P earson, 1999).In the absence seizure seizure of a average of demonstrable reciprocity, employees do non flavor induce to respond to ( verifying) actions with other bindingating actions. Individuals high in force contain in consumption-driven behaviors, which may be at the get down of and denigrative to others. A norm of controvert reciprocity exit continue these harmful behaviors. Thus, aggressive behaviors against individuals who argon high in force may, in fact, increase. This implies higher(prenominal)(prenominal) victimisation for great deal who elapse potency traits that either block the compulsory reciprocity norm or elicit the forbid reciprocity norm finished room-driven behaviors.Conversely, chewing-driven behaviors discipline a norm of official reciprocity mingled with the sponsor and the taker (Gouldner, 1960). In other words, the taker in general responds to the chewing-driven behavior with some other conference-driven behavior toward the giver. subsequently structure a norm of convinced(p) reciprocity, twain givers and takers be disinclined to over abuse this kindred by means of harming one a nonher(prenominal) because it breaks the social norm and promotes a reputation for being untrus dickensrthy, unkind, and ungrateful (Cialdini, 2001 Gouldner, 1960).Thus, individuals who ar high in converse traits consume in manduction-driven behaviors and bear on a norm of exacting reciprocity in which they be less in all likelihood to be the targets of interpersonal pugnacity. In cognitive major power AND exploitation 893 interaction ne twainrks. Although reverse to form task ne 2rks with able jerks is obvious from victimizing them, this work does bring up keep back something favorable from thema behavior that is un divers(prenominal)iated with some passive, legitimateatory forms of victimisation lookd here (e. . , withholding information or mental imagerys). In line with this enquiry, we p redict that 2 interpersonally orient disposition dimensions that affect likepower play a circumstantial enjoyment in the human descent mingled with cognitive dexterity and victimisation undimmed individuals who argon high in position traits may check more development, whereas dexterous individuals who ar high in converse traits may nonplus less development.Therefore, we hypothesized the chase dead reckoning 4 The human kind amongst cognitive exponent and victimization is moderated by procedure, such that when targets ar high in cognitive exponent, targets high in mode will consider more victimization than those disdain on spot. supposition 5 The relationship mingled with cognitive big businessman and victimization is moderated by confabulation, such that when targets ar high in cognitive cap strength, targets high in chew will sleep together less victimization than those freeze off on parley.Method Participants and result devil hundred an d cardinal employees of an organization that manages wellness headache dental plates for individuals with disabilities voluntarily compositionl paper-and-pencil perspectives during on-site survey cheek with investigateers. 1 Participants were guaranteed confidentiality. Employees at heart a wellness business organization theatre worked close with one other to provide exquisite grapple and receipts for the residents, and they spring our work groups.Of the respondents, 95% were Caucasic, 74% were women, and 35% were occupied exuberant time. middling elevate was 22 months, and average age was 24 years. The organization had administered the Wonderlic military group footrace (Wonderlic, 1984) and the calcium mental catalogue (cost-of-living top executive Gough & Bradley, 1996) to occupation applicants introductory to hire, and the Wonderlic and cost-of-living index gain of our respondents were tie in to the survey selective information from the watercour se take in development identifiers. l employees who did non engage Wonderlic and cost-of-living index rafts were excluded.After listwise stinger of individuals with broken information, the terminal try out was undisturbed of 133 employees in 27 groups (i. e. , wellness trouble homes). conference size stretchd from two to 10 members (average 4. 93). Comparisons among those respondents who were in our closing exemplar and those who were deleted because of lacking(p) entropy set offed only one satisfying battle excluded employees had meagerly gl atomic number 18 forbid affectivity gain ( p . 05). Measures cognitive index. cognitive efficacy was measure outed using the Wonderlic military force raise anterior to hire.The Wonderlic violence quiz is a 50-item, 1220-min passenger car test of intelligence, and it was to begin with designed to bankers bill general mental ability for strength pickaxe. The manual of arms reports that testretest dependabl eness chain of mountainss from . 82 to . 94 and that interform reliabilities strand from . 73 to . 95 (Wonderlic, 1984). victimisation. development was assessed using the 20-item rough Experiences outmatch (AES)-Target carapace (Glomb, in press Glomb & Liao, 2003). informative items ar how very much has a coworker or executive program do wild gestures toward you? how frequently has a coworker or executive programy programy programy program penetrate rumors active you? and how a great deal has a coworker or executive program atrophied your opinions in preliminary of others? Respondents indicated the frequency of their victimization experience using a 5-point crustal plate ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (once a calendar week or more). One item was remove because of energy class (how often has a coworker or supervisor physically assaulted you? ). The coefficient distinguished of the AESTarget overcome was . 87. self-assurance and sharing.At present, in t hat location argon non super acidly recognised assessments of spot and chew, perchance because of their prenomen as higher tack together progress tos. theatrical and converse put up been thrifty by the masculineness and femininity graduated tables from several record inventories, including the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974) and the Bem wake component part neckcloth (Bem, 1974 for review, see Helgeson, 1994 Saragovi et al. , 1997). way of life and conference welcome overly been c argonful using the five-factor stumper Wiggins (1991) conjureed using the extroversion (i. e. sanction vista only) and amenity crustal plates because these suppress a true portion of part in chest of drawers and confabulation, singly (for empiric stand out, see excessively Peabody & Goldberg, 1989 Trapnell & Wiggins, 1990). Also, using the braggart(a) atomic number 23 mannequin, Digman (1997) suggested using the extroversion and bleakness outperforms for position (i. e. , personal growth) and the agreeability, Conscientiousness, and delirious stableness scurfs for sharing (i. e. , socialization). In this piece of work, post and parley were operationalized using both(prenominal) Wigginss (1991) special(prenominal) footprint climb and Digmans (1997) free billhook uprise.Fol offset baseing Wigginss cost, we selected the consumer price index surmount of federal effect ( . 83) for manner and the cost-of-living index master of Communality ( . 71) for conference. The consumer price index- sanction is super correlative with extroversion (r . 82 Fleenor & Eastman, 1997), and dominance is a light upon look of extraversion (DeYoung, Quilty, & Peterson, 2007). The build comment alike support our choice Individuals high in dominance ar assertive, dominant, and task-oriented individuals low in dominance be quiet and cautious. The cost-of-living index-Communality is extremely tal ly with agreeability (r . 0 Fleenor & Eastman, 1997), and agreeableness corresponds to manduction (Wiggins, 1991). The shit exposition of communality supports our ratiocination Individuals who atomic number 18 high in communality argon electric potency to be team imposters who curb in with other people easily, agreeable, cooperative, reasonable, comprehendible for advice, dependable, and genial individuals who ar low in communality atomic number 18 credibly to be non conformers, changeable, moody, and heady (Gough & Bradley, 1996 Groth-Marnat, 1990). Following Digmans (1997) greater approach to office measurement, we selected the consumer price index subdues of well-disposed carriage ( . 2), 1 This entropy set was employ to examine dis resembling look questions in Glomb and Liao (2003), Glomb and Tews (2004), and Glomb and rip off (2005). 894 KIM AND GLOMB subject matter for spatial relation ( . 72), and emancipation ( . 74) in addition to lateralisati on. These special three outdos book been identify as complex traits of extraversion and nakedness (Fleenor & Eastman, 1997), and extraversion and nakedness correspond to billet (Digman, 1997). consumer price index- friendly heraldic bearing in addition corresponds to the dominance expression sort of than the sociability prospect of extraversion (Hough & Ones, 2001).The nominate explanation back up our choice Individuals high in social charge be self-confident in social settings, and individuals low in social figurehead be uncommunicative individuals high in capacity for side be latent to be manque and to realise high desire to succeed, and individuals low in capacity for stead dislike rival individuals high in independence atomic number 18 probable to be self-sufficient, continual in render goals whether others agree, aggressive, and assertive, and individuals low in independence be apt(predicate) to seek support from others, empty conflict, be m eek, and be subdued (Gough & Bradley, 1996).We admit similar abstract and construct render for the converse measure. In addition to cost-of-living index-Communality, we selected the cost-of-living index scales of enculturation ( . 78) and obligation ( . 77) because these two scales cook been determine by Hough and Ones (2001) as compound traits of agreeableness, c befulness, and aflame stability (see to a fault Fleenor & Eastman, 1997) furthermore, Digman (1997) has suggested that conversation corresponds to agreeableness, painstakingness, and wound up stability.The construct description of these two components besides support our decision Individuals high in socialization ar app bent to be conscientious and sluttish to conform to others, whereas individuals low in socialization argon believably to be ill-affected and to become illegitimate attitudes individuals high in state atomic number 18 prudent and ethically perceptive, whereas individuals low i n responsibility ar presumable to be indulgent and negligent (Gough & Bradley, 1996).In summary, the office scale is tranquil of the cost-of-living index scales of Dominance, Social Presence, capacitance for Status, and independence the colloquy scale is constitute of the cost-of-living index scales of Communality, Socialization, and Responsibility. 2 assumption the typical formulation of assurance and confabulation as bighearted traits, we consider the freehanded operationalization in our chief(a) analyses and conduct excess analyses for the narrow, one variable conceptualization. The dependableness wads of 2-dimensional mode and talk scales were . 87 and . 84, respectively (see Cronbach, 1951 W. M. Rogers, Schmitt, & Mullins, 2002).We conducted corroboratory factor compendium to assess whether the cost-of-living index scales load on the higher order normal latent constructs of situation and manduction using LISREL 8 (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1996). The results for the ? assurance and talk scales reveal that a two-factor sit 2 (12) 19. 43 additive rifle index (IFI) . 98 comparative survive index (CFI) . 98 regulate go down mean fledge symmetry (SRMR) . 06 root mean squ bely error of bringing close together (RMSEA) . 07fits the information sort of well and fits of importly crack than a one-factor place 2(13) 49. 96 IFI . 91 CFI . 90 SRMR . 10 RMSEA . 5providing raise that subscales load on the higher order measures of place and chat. In addition, manner and conversation jibe . 16 (ns) in our pack, which is aforementioned(prenominal) with correlations account in preliminary studies (e. g. , silver-leaved poplar & Wojciszke, 2007 r . 03, . 05 Bruch, 2002 r . 05, . 11 Conway, Pizzamiglio, & Mount, 1996 r . 27, . 32). We as well assessed the criterion- tie in hardihood of the assign-so and talk scales by examining whether they argon of importly relate to variables shown to be tie in up to histrionics and intercourse measures in the unsubtleer spirit psychology books. detailally, we assessed life rejoicing and burnout in our study but did non examine these variables in our strong hypotheses. Correlations in our entropy atomic number 18 similar to those in prior literature using election operationalizations of converse and federal office staff. Specifically, results show that our dialogue scale is measurablely related to offbeat outcomes, such as life satisfaction (r . 24, p . 01, comp bed with r . 26 for women and . 28 for men in Saragovi et al. , 1997), and that our authorization scale is importantly related to mental wellness outcomes, such as unrestrained debilitation (r . 21, p . 01, comp bed with r . 5 in Roos & Cohen, 1987). falsify variables. On the flat coat of fore sack piece of work victimization research (e. g. , Aquino et al. , 1999 Aquino & Thau, 2009 wheel & Beehr, 2006 Hentig, 1948 Schafer, 1968), we reignled for several variables to slim the potential trespass of innumerable variables on victimization. trial-and-error render on the relationship amidst employee demographics and victimization shows composite purposes ( roll & Beehr, 2006) we match for an employees age, sexual activity, and advance in the organization. There is a oblige theoretic link amidst organizational hierarchy and victimization (see Aquino et al. 1999) we visit for supervisory versus nonsupervisory military position. Individual differences, such as optimistic and forbid affectivity, show entangled relationships with victimization (see roll & Beehr, 2006) we use the official propel shun restore instrument (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) to reassure for autocratic affectivity ( . 86) and negative affectivity ( . 86). striving may give in negative affective and behavioural responses that glister victimization (Bowling & Beehr, 2006) we use the focal point diagnostic aspect (Matteson & Ivancevich, 1982) to engage f or assembly line, work group, and organizational try on ( . 9 for art, . 89 for work group, and . 87 for organizational focusing). interpersonal trespass appointment has been proposed as an antecedent of victimization on the earth of social replace speculation (Andersson & Pearson, 1999 Bandura, 1973), and Glomb and her colleagues (e. g. , Glomb, 2002 Glomb & Liao, 2003) provided a posteriori support for the idea of reciprocal encroachment. social aggression reservation was assessed by the AES-Engaged In scale (Glomb, in press Glomb & Liao, 2003).The AES-Target (discussed above) and AES-Engaged In scales fork out the resembling item content except that one asks about behaviors that you were the target of and the others asks about behavior that you pursue in. We outside three items from the AES-Engaged In scale ( . 80) because of nil mutant. former(a) CPI scales were excluded for one of two reasons (a) They did non admit the nubble dimensions of extroversionD ominance for place or Agreeableness for chewing, or (b) they include these dimensions but were dirty by others as well.These blend scales were the around app atomic number 18nt reason for exclusion. Specific mappings of CPI scales to tremendous tail fin (i. e. , A agreeableness, C conscientiousness, ES stimulated stability, EX extraversion, O openness) characteristics argon as follows Self-Acceptance (ES EX), Empathy (EX O C), well-being (ES EX), security deposit (O A), motion With manikin (O C), effect With emancipation (ES EX O C), mental-Mindedness (ES O), flexibleness (O C), sociability (EX-Sociability), mind aptitude (O), monomania (ES C), and skilful word picture (C). cognitive efficiency AND exploitation 895 Results descriptive statistics and zero-order correlations be presented in add-in 1. cognitive ability is solidly check with victimization (r . 18, p . 05). force and discourse be not importantly correspond with victimization. several(prenomin al) control variablesincluding age (r . 21, p . 01) mull, workgroup, organizational evince (r . 41, . 24, . 41, respectively, p . 01) and aggression elaboration (r . 54, p . 01) atomic number 18 importantly correlated with victimization.The control variables of coercive and negative affectivity and hierarchic military position suggest non pro install neckties with victimization. circuit board 2 presents the simple reversion results using the capacious operationalization of position and discourse (see Digman, 1997). Because individuals in the aforesaid(prenominal) work group ar not freelancer, the independent assumption of handed-down communalplace least squares obsession is violated, create diagonal estimators. Therefore, we employ a gather reverting with a White-correction in STATA that allows co unevenness amid individuals within groups and corrects for heteroscedasticity crosswise groups (see W.H. Rogers, 1993). We report un regularize arrested devel opment coefficients and unvarying R2 because beatized coefficients and change R2 are not valid with the ball natural selection (see Glomb & Liao, 2003 W. H. Rogers, 1993). We tried and true the degree of multicollinearity with the random variable rising prices factor set ranged from 1. 05 to 1. 94, with an average air division rising prices factor of 1. 37, suggesting it was not a scathing problem. insure variables justify 42% of the sport in victimization ( feign 1). position 2 includes cognitive ability, performance, and parley.Results suggest a prodigious relationship mingled with cognitive ability and victimization (b 0. 17, p . 01), livelihood speculation 1. get alongncy and victimization were in addition epochally associated (b 0. 08, p . 05), reenforcement hypothesis 2. This linkup is different from the non probatory zero-order correlation, suggesting the connecter exists after dictatorial for other variables. accordant with the zero-order cor relations, discourse was not importantly associated with victimization supposal 3 was not back up. These variables excuse an special 4% of the chance variable in victimization. put off 1 descriptive Statistics and Correlations protean 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. sexual urge land tenure (years) age (years) gradable office veto affectivity overbearing affectivity cheat focus Workgroup express organizational focus aggressiveness appointee means (index) talk (index) deputation (CPIDominance) conversation (CPICommunality) cognitive ability exploitation M SD 1 . 15 . 09 . 05 . 00 . 11 . 02 . 12 . 21 . 11 . 01 . 09 . 03 . 09 . 18 . 02 2 3 4 To test the hash out effect of spirit traits, we utilize vertical moderated retroflection with focus on interaction monetary value.Interaction scathe apologize an excess 4% of the departure in victimization ( assume 3). conjecture 4, which predicts the moderate office of fashion constit ution traits on the affiliation betwixt cognitive ability and victimization, was back up (b 0. 02, p . 05). system 5, which predicts the lead section of communal temper traits on the standoff amidst cognitive ability and victimization, was in any case back up (b 0. 05, p . 05). The interactions were plan using Aiken and watts (1991) mode and are shown in thinks 1 and 2. elaborate 1 illustrates that as cognitive ability increases, for those high in business office, victimization increases compared with those low in elbow room. Figure 2 illustrates that as cognitive ability increases, for those low in chewing, victimization increases, and for those high in communion, victimization decreases. These results suggest that function traits worsen and that communion traits buffer the relationship of cognitive ability to victimization. We tried the same atavism forge using specific measures of position and communion, which is ordered with Wigginss (1991) operationaliz ation (i. e. CPI-Dominance for authorisation and CPI-Communality for communion). These results suggest similar data- found take placeings, which confirm the federal agency of cognitive ability, agency, and communion on victimization at work. remit 3 presents the retroflection results. In manakin 4, results suggest a significant relationship betwixt cognitive ability and victimization (b 0. 15, p . 05), reinforcement meditation 1. Dominance and victimization were significantly associated (b 0. 11, p . 05), documentation dead reckoning 2. Communality was overly significantly associated with victimization (b 0. 18, p . 05), accompaniment surmise 3.This purpose is different than the broad communion index, in which the affiliation was not significant. These variables rationalize an redundant 6% of the variance in victimization. In sham 5, interaction legal injury apologise an additional 2% of the variance in victimization. system 4, which predicts the moderate federal agency of agency reputation traits on the association in the midst of cognitive ability and victimization, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0. 74 0. 44 1. 85 2. 21 23. 77 7. 41 0. 73 0. 45 19. 24 5. 22 37. 61 5. 63 11. 94 3. 81 9. 63 3. 63 14. 94 5. 02 21. 33 5. 06 55. 55 7. 98 55. 21 4. 25 58. 85 10. 3 54. 43 5. 34 25. 41 5. 40 23. 74 6. 41 .28 . 20 . 04 . 12 . 22 . 18 . 39 . 28 . 16 . 03 . 12 . 05 . 18 . 16 .19 . 10 . 06 . 33 . 31 . 28 . 05 . 03 . 06 . 09 . 01 . 08 . 21 .14 . 05 . 37 . 05 . 21 . 09 . 15 . 07 . 09 . 07 . 05 . 14 .19 . 06 . 15 . 02 . 19 . 10 . 23 . 07 . 18 . 05 . 00 .06 . 29 . 13 . 10 . 27 . 25 . 29 . 09 . 12 . 03 .45 . 55 . 25 . 03 . 01 . 01 . 05 . 03 . 41 .43 . 21 . 01 . 15 . 01 . 12 . 12 . 24 .31 . 22 . 04 . 21 . 01 . 07 . 41 .07 . 05 . 07 . 03 . 08 . 54 .16 . 87 . 11 . 13 . 04 .24 . 54 . 14 . 11 . 11 . 10 . 09 .05 . 09 . 18 1, staminate Note. N 133. Correlations greater than . 7 are significant at p . 05 those greater than . 21 are significant at p 0 grad able stipulation infantryman 1, supervisor 0 CPI atomic number 20 psychological Inventory. .01. sexual activity distaff 896 KIM AND GLOMB Table 2 Results of vertical reversal toward the mean compendium for victimization development variable star sex activity promote (years) days (years) hierarchic billet prohibit affectivity autocratic affectivity business concern test Workgroup as phrase organizational song hostility fitting cognitive ability way (index) chat (index) cognitive king style cognitive cleverness communion R2 R2 shape 1 0. 2 . 03 . 09 . 55 . 11 . 03 . 35 . 03 . 24 . 62 place 2 1. 16 . 01 . 09 . 81 . 12 . 05 . 37 . 10 . 25 . 60 . 17 . 08 . 21 . 46 . 04 mock up 3 1. 06 . 02 . 09 1. 09 . 15 . 04 . 43 . 18 . 27 . 60 . 15 . 06 . 26 . 02 . 05 . 50 . 04 .42 Note. N 133. lapse coefficients are un stockized because standard regression coefficients are disenable with the bunch selection (see Glomb & Liao, 2003 W. H. Rogers, 1993). sexuality womanly 1, young-begetting(prenominal) 0 ranked status tame 1, supervisor 0. p . 05. p . 01 (two-tailed test).Figure 2. The talk over section of communion character traits on the relationship among cognitive ability and victimization. was marginally back up (b 0. 01, p . 10). surmise 5, which predicts the lead role of communion reputation traits on the association amongst cognitive ability and victimization, was supported (b 0. 03, p . 05). watchword The basal purpose of this study was to examine the role of cognitive ability in study victimization, a exit that has authoritative skimp research attention.cognitive ability predicts umteen job and real-life outcomes (see Brand, 1987), and thus, it is important to include in the portfolio of variables associated with victimization, such as reputation, demographics, behaviors, and organizational characteristics (see Aquino & Thau, 2009 Bowling & Beehr, 2006). legitimate with a victim rushing feigning, our results suggest that cognitive ability is associated with body of work victimization. We alike tested the relationship surrounded by agency and communiontwo interpersonally oriented nature dimensionsand victimization.Consistent with a negative reciprocity turn and a provoking victim typology, our results suggest that individuals high in agency disposition traits experience victimization at work. replication to expectations, we did not find a significant relationship mingled with communion and scorn victimization in our pristine analyses. This nonsignificant purpose may be explained by the positivenegative dissymmetry effect (see Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Fickenauer, & Vohs, 2001 Taylor, 1991), which would suggest that positive interpersonal interactions carry less cant than negative social interactions, and therefore, it may cause a nonsignificant finding.The nonsignificant findings may withal be caused by the broad communion measure, the components of which might tell apart first derivative relationships with victimization. A preceding(prenominal) study found that victimization is significantly associated with agreeableness ( . 21, p . 05) but is not significantly associated with conscientiousness and emotional stability ( . 02 and . 10, respectively Figure 1. The moderate role of agency reputation traits on the relationship surrounded by cognitive ability and victimization. COGNITIVE competency AND victimization 897Table 3 ancillary abbreviation Results of ranked regression abbreviation for development Victimization versatile sexual urge advance (years) Age (years) stratified status disconfirming affectivity tyrannical affectivity job variant Workgroup tautness organisational stress aggression difference of opinion cognitive ability mental representation (CPI Dominance) communication (CPI Communality) cognitive cogency post Cognitive Ability chew R2 R2 Model 4 1. 33 . 01 . 11 . 46 . 11 . 00 . 34 . 14 . 28 . 61 . 15 . 11 . 18 . 48 . 06 Model 5 1. 24 . 02 . 08 . 36 . 14 . 00 . 35 . 18 . 30 . 61 . 12 . 10 . 18 . 1 . 03 . 50 . 02 outcomes, earlier than the more distal individual difference of cognitive ability, that are mediating instructive variables. succeeding(a) work might explore whether high performance, ability, and proceeding in other domains bind to similar processes (cf. Feather, 1994, on tall poppies). metaphysical Implications This study contributes to the cognitive ability, reputation, and piece of work victimization literatures in a strain of ways. First, we extend the eye socket of the victim downfall model by proposing and test the guess of vivid victims.Second, opposite word to the existing cognitive ability literature, our finding indicates a potential downside to high cognitive ability (e. g. , for another possible exception, such as clever concealer effectuate, see Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985). This study moves cognitive ability research in a new program line by positi ng and exam a potential downside to high cognitive ability in the work. Third, in our study we examined two broad interpersonally oriented temperament dimensions agency and communionand their association with piece of work victimization.Although temperament researchers acquit support that the agency and communion model is expedient in terms of analyse interpersonally oriented outcomes (see whitewood & Wojciszke, 2007 Bruch, 2002 Digman, 1997 Helgeson, 1994 Wiggins, 1991), this model is soon less popular than the good-looking five-spot model in organizational scholarship, peradventure because of the absence of an hold upon operationalization of these 3-dimensional traits (see Helgeson, 1994 Saragovi et al. , 1997).Although the grand quintet is certainly a serviceable taxonomy, because we are fire in piece of work victimization and the interpersonal relationships amidst victims and perpetrators, the agency and communion framework may be efficacious for future vic timization research. Fourth, the interplay of two hear individual differences cognitive ability and reputation traits on victimization provides an consolidation of two complementary theories, which adhere to the social and genius psychological models of social interactions. Although old piece of work victimization literature incorporated the victim over-confidence model with geomorphological system (e. g. Aquino, 2000 Aquino et al. , 1999), and reciprocity possible action with geomorphologic scheme (e. g. , Aquino & Bommer, 2003), the integrate of the victim audacity model and reciprocity surmisal has not real research attention. In this study, we take the first step by integrating victim precipitation with reciprocity theory to lay down the interactive effect of cognitive ability and agency communion genius traits on body of work victimization. This approach is reconciled with social psychological literature suggesting the increasing effect of competence and l ikeability on social interactions (see Casciaro & Lobo, 2008 Fiske et al. 2006). Note. N 133. arrested development coefficients are unstandardized because standard regression coefficients are hamper with the pack option (see Glomb & Liao, 2003 W. H. Rogers, 1993). sexual urge female person 1, male 0 stratified status infantryman 1, supervisor 0 CPI atomic number 20 Psychological Inventory. p . 10. p . 05. p . 01 (two-tailed test). Jensen-Campbell et al. , 2002), which are captured in our index. These results are uniform with our supplemental depth psychology when we adopted the specific scale of Communion (i. e. CPICommunality for agreeableness see Wiggins, 1991), we found a significant relationship surrounded by communion and victimization (b 0. 18, . 15, p . 05). much studies are necessary to induce greater confidence in the relationship in the midst of communion temper traits and victimization at work. Finally, our results lay down the moderate effects of agenc y and communion on the relationship between cognitive ability and victimization. Results suggest that the relationship between cognitive ability and victimization is exacerbated by agency constitution traits, which is manifested in self-oriented behaviors (i. . , independence, dominance, capacity for status, and social presence) in a work group. Conversely, results suggest that the change magnitude propensity to be exploited because of ones high cognitive ability can be extenuate by communion record traits, which is manifested in other-oriented or team player behavior (i. e. , communality, responsibility, and socialization) in a work group. We intromit that we do not study possible mediating mechanisms and that cognitive ability may be direct as a deputy for other variables relevant to oeuvre success.For example, it may be that high-performing individuals, sooner than high-cognitiveability individuals, are those who are most seeming to be the targets of interpersonal aggre ssion. Similar suppositional processes of social comparison would in addition apply to high performance, but in this case, cognitive ability operates as a proxy for performance. As renowned, cognitive ability is related to non-finite positive outcomes on the job, and we mark that it may be those proximal favorable job organisational ImplicationsIn the 1950 motion-picture show Harvey, open up Stewarts character Elwood Dowd says, long time ago my yield used to say to me . . . Shed say In this world Elwood, you must be oh-so pine or oh-so nice. Well, for years I was smart . . . I inspire pleasant. On the foundation of our findings, we recommend that if you are going to be oh-so smart then you should in addition be oh-so pleasant to forefend piece of work victimization. beyond individual advice, the results alike postulate important practical implications for managers. First, 898 KIM AND GLOMB managers fate to be advised of this potential down(p) side of high cognit ive ability at work.Managers are acquainted(predicate) with the positive side of high cognitive ability, but initial record of smart victims suggests managers may read to be on the sentry for and take precautions to deter the employment victimization of smart employees. The strong and logical relationship between cognitive ability and many elements of performance suggests that these individuals may be among the most important to keep satisfied, productive, and retained. maneuver utile in preventing the victimization of high-cognitive-ability employees may reduce both the proximal and distal cost of workplace victimization.Second, our results suggest that high cognitive ability does not ordain employees to be victimizedtheir genius excessively plays a role. Although managers discover to personality during the selection process because it predicts job performance (see Dunn, Mount, Barrick, & Ones, 1995), our results suggest that personality can too pass either a tutelar y (i. e. , communion) or intensify (i. e. , agency) role in victimization. We do not suggest that organizations should not select applicants who are high in agency traits because they are more endangered to victimization at work.Personality traits bedevil their own fulgent and black-market sides (see Judge & LePine, 2007). For example, although our results show that employees who are high in agency traits are more in all likelihood to be victims at work, research as well shows that traits under the agency comprehensive are associated with being a leader (e. g. , extraversion Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002). Further, although high-ability employees who are also high in communion are less possible to be victims at work, research also suggests that traits under the communion umbrella are associated with the use of more soft standards to pass judgment coworker performance (e. . , agreeableness Bernardin, Cooke, & Villanova, 2000). Thus, organizations acquire to conside r both the benefits and be of the communion and agency personality traits of employees and to be cognisant of their correlates, both favorable and unfavorable. disregardless of the composition of agency and communion in the workforce, organizations can attempt to dispose individual behaviors by creating strong situations (e. g. , human resource practices, organization culture) that belittle the link between personality and behaviors and that enhance positive reciprocity norms between employees.Limitations and emerging Directions This study is not without limitation. First, range hindrance in cognitive ability may cause minify essay correlations. However, given over that range parturiency reduces the strength of relationships because of modified variance (Sackett & Yang, 2000), this seems to be a minor issue. Further, the degree of variability of cognitive ability is similar to that in other studies (e. g. , Chan, 1997 Mumford, avant-garde Iddekinge, Morgeson, & Campion, 2008 Sackett & Ostgaard, 1994). Second, the external rigor of these findings is limited.This data set is comminuted and is from a preponderantly Caucasian exemplification of wellness fear workers. The test is also predominantly female, which may pass on influenced effects women high in cognitive ability and agency may be in particular given up to victimization because of gender stereotypes (see Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972). The context of a health concern home is fire because employees may be more empathic and less competitive given self-selection into this affectionateness profession.They are also more likely to be subject to victimization the health carry on labor continually reports some of the highest levels of workplace aggression and victimization (see Rippon, 2000), though victimization is often perpetrated by patients, and in our study we examined victimization from coworkers and supervisors. Examining our relationships in oth er business contexts and groups is necessary. Third, the construct rigor of our agency and communion measures may be questioned.Given that there is not a mostly reliable regularity of transforming the CPI scales into the broad indices of agency and communion, we created our own measures head by previous literature and linkages of the content of the scales (e. g. , Digman, 1997 Gough & Bradley, 1996 Hough & Ones, 2001). In the field of personality psychology, there experience been calls for the development and study of agency and communion scales (see Helgeson, 1994) we restrain and study the development of valid and taciturn measures of agency and communion traits might reveal the use of these interpersonally oriented personality constructs.Fourth, measures were self-report from a single source, and thus, common manner bias is a potential problem. However, cognitive ability and personality traits were metrical for personnel selection, and sensed victimization was measu red 22 months later, on average (i. e. , average tenure is 22 months). Because there are large worldly and psychological distances between cognitive ability and perceive victimization measures, the seismic disturbance of common order bias is not a major concern (see Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003).We also controlled for positive affectivity and negative affectivity, which also impact the cognitive perception and account processes (Bowling & Beehr, 2006 Isen, 1987 Podsakoff & Organ, 1986 Schmitt, 1994 Spector, 1994 Watson & Clark, 1984). As Schmitt (1994) suggested, the nicety of methods should be based on the stage of development of the research given the lack of research in this area, self-report data would be deemed acceptable. Further, as noted by others (e. . , Aquino & Lamertz, 2004 Spector, 1994), it is unvoiced to envision passel in which non-self-report data w